The parts of speech for the word "of" are a preposition and a verb.
Explanation:

To determine the part of speech of "of",we have to know the types of parts of speech.
There are eight types of parts of speech.These are noun,pronoun,verb,adverb,preposition, conjunction and interjection.

To find out the part of speech of "of",we need to remember that a single word in different sentences can functions as different parts of speech.
Now analyse the following example:
●The president of Bangladesh lives within two miles of the school.
Explanation:In the above sentence, the part of speech of "of" is a preposition.To understand the part of speech of "of" as a preposition,you have to read the following analysis.
Structure of Noun Phrase:
●Determiner+Adjective +Noun
👏The president of Bangladesh lives within two miles of the school.
Here "the school" and "the president" are noun phrases.Besides,Bangladesh is a noun.Here I would like to tell you that every preposition has a object after it.The object of the preposition can be a noun,noun phrase or noun clause.
👏The president of Bangladesh lives within two miles of the school.
Here "the school" is the object of "of".So,the part of speech of "of" is preposition.Moreover, Bangladesh is also the object of "of".So,the part of speech of 'of' in both places in the above sentence is preposition.
More Explanation:A preposition can make the relation between two nouns.
●The president of Bangladesh lives within two miles of the school.
Here "of" as a preposition is making the relation between two nouns (president of Bangladesh and miles of school).
Here is the sentence with parts of speech:
The president of Bangladesh lives within two miles of the school.
◆The=Determiner,a type of adjective,we can say article determiner
◆president=noun
◆Bangladesh=noun
◆lives=verb
◆within=preposition

◆two= Determiner,Numeral determiner,a type of adjective
◆miles=noun
◆of =preposition
◆the=Determiner,a type of adjective,we can say article determiner
◆school=noun
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